Natural Sciences and Relationships

 We know what science is. Science is the understanding of relationships and classifying them. A ball of gas burning in the sky has been classified as a star. When one mixes copper plastic, silicone, and many other things we get a relationship which we have classified as a television, and when we watch a television, we are having a relationship with that television. A relationship with a certain pattern has been called a mountain, and those that live on the mountain are having a relationship with that mountain that involves more energy than one who merely looks at the mountain. But the one looking at the mountain is also in a relationship with that mountain though less energy intensive, but still in a relationship. An animal with a vagina has been classified as a female as differentiated from a male.

Many disciplines can thus roughly be considered science depending on how much they analyze and classify relationships. But is using the scientific process enough to for something to be considered a science as a whole. Science is ultimately about understanding the costs of a relationship, though at its beginnings it is about understanding the relationship itself. If one smokes to much the cost of the relationship is less use of one’s lungs.

But again one can argue that archaeology is both an art and a science. But for now, to understand things in a deeper manner, archaeologists need to date things, we have the instruments, coming back to reality all information can be used to tell the time, look hard enough the clues of time are all around.  But archaeology also gives us patterns about civilizations of the past using archaeological techniques, linguistics. Done properly science is apolitical, it looks at things and patterns and gives evidence for those things, patterns and relationships.

So, science is about understanding relationships and classifying them, when information has such and such a relationship a human being is the result but depending on the relationships the result can be a stone, a star, a wolverine, water. Let us talk natural sciences.

In natural sciences we can get a direct result that has a relationship that is 100% certain. When one talks of a relationship that is 100% certain it means every time a similar pattern appears, if a similar pattern does not appear with 100% certainty, it is not that thing, similar but not that thing. Give human beings $1 000 it will be spent in many ways according to the taste of that individual information package classified as a human being. But if you make an alloy with 1000 grams of manganese and 2000 grams of iron, you will always get certain properties. That is the difference between natural sciences and social sciences

Understanding with 100% certainty what will happen because the relationships are strictly about proportions, these proportions we know because we have tested them, and they can be tested with 100% certainty.

Given that everything is in a relationship, and everything is made up by relationships, though science itself is about understanding and categorizing these relationships, it categorizes these relationships by understanding the patterns. Natural science always looks at certain patterns, these patterns have such a data that is a perfect fit to a statistical distribution pattern with the physical sciences. If something does not fit even slightly with expected pattern, then it is something else or a contradiction.

Biology deals with life, thus there is no perfect fit as such at the more complex level but there are identifiable distribution patterns, how certain germs grow will have a certain distribution pattern, if that general pattern is not met, then it is a different germ rather than the one we expected. A normal distribution explains much of nature, but not all.

In all natural sciences the process requires an investigative process. The definition, the categorization or classification of a relationship must be certain. The categorization comes after one understands the relationships of whatever it is they are looking into.

To understand trajectory, we can not start with the mathematics and a formula. First humans had to understand what is going on, the relationships involved, and then they found a way to quantify these relationships and now with great accuracy. Only after understanding these relationships can we begin using mathematics for predictions. We now know with great accuracy if we apply so much force, and we can calculate the force, given certain atmospheric conditions a projectile will land at position X. Mathematics is just a way of expressing those relationships, the commonality of all things when such and such happens to them.

If we look at this concept of mathematics, when we take the whole thing back to what is common to all information, the smallest packages of information we get basic particles. Now let us to make things easy say there are 3 basic particles, 1, 2, and 3. And let us say these three are the basic building blocks of everything. We want to look at the power of mathematics and where it comes from, so it is best to simplify things, 3 basic particles.

When particle 1 has a relationship with another particle 1 we get certain properties of the resultant relationship. When particle 1 has a relationship with particle 2 we get certain properties, these properties will be different from the properties, and thus particle that is no longer a basic particle, but this particle will have different energy definitions than relationship 1, 1. A different kind of loss of freedom.

The relationship particle 1 has with particle 3 will result in different energy costs, different losses of freedom. This relationship between  1 and 3 is different and unique. Hopefully one gets the jist, particle 3 having a relationship with particle three results in a different relation than a relationship between 3 and 2, or between 1 and 2, or 3 and 3, different relationships defined by different costs in energy.

The energy allowing these relationships we call free energy, energy over and above necessary for keeping the particle as a particle. This energy is what allows for relationships.

When particle 1 has a relationship with another particle the laws of existence, programmed into existence say if relationship is with another particle one we get such properties, if it is with a particle 2 or 3, we get such and such properties and the cost of the relationship in terms of energy is so much energy. It is determined by an algorithm, if this then that.

We truly must thank the region that is now Uzbekistan but was part of the conquered lands of the Persian Empire when they gave birth to Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, the one who gifted us with algorithms, the word algorithm comes from his name. It is latinized for al-khwarizmi.

When particle 1 has a relationship with another particle we then can calculate the cost of this relationship and put a mathematical formula. This algorithm continues down throughout the bulk, densities of complexities of information. Until we get life and intelligent life, the algorithm still applies. We break up this algorithm into system that we can understand, like trajectory, if we apply such a force to a material of such and such density, volume, size, we shall get such and such a trajectory. All part of the algorithm, but we have defined the if this then that to basic questions as how much force we get this and that.

It even applies to us as human beings, did he or she go to the supermarket or did they go to the corner store. Different relationships are a result of those differences, we shall use different velocities to get to the supermarket rather than the corner store, one could go East to the supermarket or south to the corner store, that alone shows different relationships. Though we are the decision makers in many of our actions, this algorithm applies as much to throwing a ball as to if one gets infected by something, to one going to the corner store.

Mathematics helps us to understand the result of different relationships, apply 6 pounds of force is different from apply 6.25 pounds of force. If one applies six pounds of force relationships are different from applying 6.1 pounds of force. Mathematics allows us to generalize the if this then if that with a formula, but we must first experiment to get to the first step.

Natural science has the idea of predictability that is accurate. If I heat a certain virus in a test tube to a certain temperature it will die. If we pass hydrogen chloride gas through water, we get hydrochloric acid, we will not get anything else. Thus, one can say the relationship between hydrogen chloride and water will always lead to hydrochloric acid. To understand fully hydrochloric acid, we need to know the relationships that lead up to hydrochloric acid.

Though talking of natural sciences, this is important in natural sciences, to understand a human being, we must understand the relationships that have made them who they are up to that point.

Natural sciences deal with a high degree of certainty in predicted relationships. It does not deal with this will most likely happen, especially the physical sciences. We have things like automobiles, televisions, anti biotics, tetanus shots, insulin, robots, flexible jeans, space stations, electricity because of the high degree of certainty given the natural sciences.

What then is biology? Biology is the study of life. By studying life, it seeks to understand the relationships that create and sustain life. Well, there was a time we did not understand for example the relationship between vitamins and a healthy human being. We did not understand cell structures and how cells metabolize food so that we can have energy. We did not understand the role of white and red blood cells, we understand this all because of biology.

We understand why cell structures of plants and animals are different, they fulfill similar but different relationships. We understand the process of photosynthesis. This is because of the breakdown of relationships in life such that we can understand all these things.

We understand that fungi communicate, I mean, this is all from understanding the relationships around life. We have cures for many things that ail us because of the advancement of medicine and how the body works.

We know about genes and their relationship to the function of life; all life has genes and to one extent or another some genes are common to all life.

What is chemistry? Chemistry is the study of the material world. By studying the material, what has often been called matter, we are looking at the universe and its properties from the atom up, from the elements up and the relationship of these elements and the relationships involved with matter. When we mix two parts of hydrogen with one-part oxygen we get water.  

We look at the elements and the resultant molecules and relationships from combining these elements. At the end of it all, all the complexities we see in the universe is studied by chemists. The beginnings for one to be competent in chemistry is to understand the periodic table and the properties of each elements, the basic atomic structure of all the different materials, the different matter. We have hydrocarbons, proteins, alloys, this is all the way of the chemist, understanding these relationships is the way of the chemist.

Thank the chemist for the plastic age, it is not all bad, it is part of the casings for our computers, televisions, radios, as well as plastics we didn’t know would end up choking sea turtles and end up in fish that we consume.

The fuels we have, the full exploitation of crude oil, this was the job of the chemist.

Chemistry is about understanding the relationships of the material, and there are so many of them big wide and deep field and always getting deeper is we look for better and stronger materials.

What is physics? Physics is the study of motions of matter, its fundamental building blocks. When studying physics we are trying to understand the relationships around all matter in any system. Understanding the relationship gravity has with matter we know trajectory for example will be different on earth than it is on earths moon, or Jupiter, or Saturn, or Uranus, this is because of relationships with gravity, they affect motion.

 

What is relativity, well one hour with whom one loves seems too short and 20 seconds on a hot flame seems like forever, paraphrasing Einstein. Relativity is just about certain types of relationships and energy costs, nothing falls outside the first law of everything, everything is in a relationship and all relationships lead to a lose of freedom due to the costs in energy.

Let us look at relativity. Let us just first take the bending of light, that is because light has a relationship with something that it bends, it must bend and this bending is due to energy exchanges, its part of the cost of the relationship that it must behave in such a certain manner, remember the algorithm that is basis of all relationships if this then that, the big algorithm itself is named the algorithm of information. But taking a section of the big algorithm we can understand relativity and put mathematics to it.

The closer we move to the speed of light; time passes more slowly. Again, this is just about relationships, the algorithm says the faster one moves, the less aging, how fast one is moving determines that relationship and we have put mathematics to it. But again, this all has to do with motion, just understanding motion at greater and greater depths.

Physics also looks at the relationships around the behaviour of basic building blacks of nature, discrete particles. We know that when we look without measuring, they behave as a wave, and when we try to measure, they behave as particles. We know the concept of locality is broadened because of the relationship basic particles can take with each other. This relationship is entanglement. We can know the polarity of the entangled particle even if it was 30 billion light years away.

It is about relationships, science is about the categorization of relationships and understanding the energies involved in those relationships.

Bhekuzulu Khumalo

 

 

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The Theory of Everything: Newton, Information, Complexity, and Evolution

Quoting from the Polaris Project website, Isaac Newton’s first law can be stated as “Every mass, or body, be it at rest or moving, will not alter its present state unless acted upon by an external force.” The other laws of Newton flow from the logic that is implied in this first law.

By merely stating that a body will not alter its present state unless acted upon by an external force immediately implies the second law of Newton that, “The change in direction or speed of an object, is proportional to the amount of force acting on that body. The change in motion is also in the direction in which the force is acting.”

It is when we understand information for what it is can we reappreciate the thoughts of Newton. This idea, this reality of information has its roots from those who pursue quantum physics, some times they call themselves quantum mechanics, sometimes particle physicists, what ever suites you, but a select few of these thinkers hit on the reality of information and have passed it on. Though this reality coming from quantum physics, it is a much bigger concept than quantum physics, everything includes every discipline known to mankind, it’s all dealing with information even when they are doing things like trying to control the rain through a dance.

“Informationis everything, everything is information even nothing is information, nothing is part of everything. The most basic information is the elementary particle.” Immediately one can go into philosophy, if nothing informs us there is nothing how can the elementary particle be everything, be the most basic piece of information, maybe physics has not come to an end. But be warned before you go into mysticism the entire known material is matter, we are looking at the roots of matter, the basic particle. But this philosophical question is beneath the laws of everything. This answers the questions is traditional philosophy superior to science no, because the clearest definition of information comes from quantum physics.

By answering the idea of information and rightfully concluding that information is everything, though from a premise that had no idea or a concept of understanding what everything is. Quantum physics followed an ancient line of thought, the first traditional philosophical milestone. What is a human being? So there is absolutely no need to frown on another, the question of what is a human being quantum physics answered that right down to quantum entanglement. Quantum physics answered that human beings are just like everything else we can detect presently, a human being is an information package.

Why appreciate Newton again. It is because when we understand information when understand how close Newton was to the theory of everything, destroyed merely by pursuit of alchemy, the times, Newton was around a long time ago, to only have missed entanglement is not bad, his first law only misses entanglement, not a bad achievement, not a bad thought for the times, we are watching television today all remotely controlled of course, a very different time from Newton.

If we say information is everything, we need at least one fact confirming from it beyond the mere statement that information is everything. “The first law of information, the first law of everything is that every relationship has a loss of freedom. We can put it at it’s most crude as every relationship has a cost.” A meaningful way to understand the first law of everything is from Suzanne Ngatai on a comment she made on Google + “when information is identified it therefore categorizes itself by 'being' therefore the cost is also the 'not being' of something else that comes along with this categorization…” She managed to unite the concepts of cost and freedom from the definition, obviously, the author of the first law of everything had no idea that the two concepts could be united so perfectly. Her comments will come useful in helping to understand how Newton is ‘new’ again as he enhances information and opens other doors not possible to imagine if a few bright sparks in physics told us and convinced us that information is everything.

Before getting to Newton let us understand why the first law of everything is bigger than the question if nothing informs us there is nothing how can the elementary particle be the most basic piece of information? The question seems sticky, but if that nothing can achieve a relationship there will be a loss of freedom. What can be outside the law of everything, the question can not be answered, it is foolish to even try, how do you know there is nothing, because nothing has informed you of itself and categorized as nothing. Whatever will be discovered will have no choice but to fall under the first law of everything even if it must be categorized outside a particle. Even if this is a hologram and there is a God out there, creator of it all, he has a relationship with his hologram.

Newton’s first law can be translated into the thoughts of everything, into the logic behind information being everything understanding that its first law is unbreakable.

Recalling Newton’s first law, every mass, or body, be it at rest or moving, will not alter its present state unless acted upon by an external force, let’s attempt to understand this strictly in terms of information. If this is successfully achieved, Newton helps explain evolution, it is not difficult, an information package will remain in it’s present state unless a relationship is established. This could very well be considered the second law of information, the second law of everything. Even if this is a hologram and there is a God out there, before creation of the hologram there was no relationship with the entity.

Newton has inspired the second law of information, immediately stepping above any subject whose laws are limited to particles, if anything out there exists that is not a particle, it too will remain subject to both laws of information, both laws of everything.

By understanding both laws in unison we begin to understand complexity better, but more importantly a very important concept of complexity, the evolutionary process. That we have a thumb is a cost, that is why it is important to understand words for being words, to understand that a cost, a loss of freedom is not necessarily a bad word, we are the products of incredible amounts of different categories of information in relationships upon relationships, humans are very complex. A huge variety of information is locked in our composition.

Complexity is a process that involves many variables, many pieces of information all in a relationship, it thus becomes more unpredictable. Understanding of complexity is aided when one understands information, starting first with the reality that everything is information. Multiple relationships will involve multiple forces.

We can not conclude what information prefers to remain as is or to change but we do know change requires a relationship and a loss of freedom. This of course need not be a bad thing, it is a neutral thing, remembering Suzanne Ngatai’s statement “when information is identified it therefore categorizes itself by 'being' therefore the cost is also the 'not being' of something else that comes along with this categorization…” That is all the cost is, don’t think of it as a reward, sometimes information packages are completely destroyed but the same process has occurred, a relationship, it is a cost even if it is as beneficial as evolution.

We do know that information prefers to survive, we generally abhor suicide, why didn’t the victim march on with the struggles of existing as a human being. Matter seems to have abolished anti matter from its surroundings in order to survive and thrive.

Evolution occurs because an information package needs to change to survive its environment, so that it can survive as best as possible given that it would be sharing a lot of space with different information packages. Given the circumstances a cheetah developed speed to survive its environment, a polar bear developed power and thick fur to survive its surroundings.

At one time, all bears had a common ancestor. Having a common ancestor means at one time they where all very much similar. The common ancestor is like the basic design. Having a common ancestor meant at one time all bears where similar information packages without great differentiation genetically, less variety than exists today.

Moving towards a cold environment the polar bear subconsciously desired more fur and blubber, a way to keep warm in the new environment it has found itself in. The conscious is just a part of our mind, our mind functions as our control center, it’s us, it is nothing more than organized information, just a complex machine, a complex computer.

Every thought, every desire, every emotion is merely a result of how information is organized in the brain. Our actions are a result of the relationship we have with our minds, and the way our minds are organized depends on how information is organized, we call this being wired, one can think of being wired as a giant computer, organized in 1’s and 0’s, how our 1’s and 0’s are organized depends on our experiences, are we racist, tribalism, believer in science as best language science can easily be tarnished by man, you just don’t publish those you hate and envy, so it is not a universal language, because everything is affected by politics, by how humans are wired/ programmed.

Information wants to survive in the most stable manner as possible. If this necessitates entering a relationship it must accept these costs to continue existing. Iron is reactive, it must accept to being oxidized if it exists in an oxidized environment, this relationship must be for iron to exist, that is how iron has come to be, those are its properties.

Life too wants to survive, that is why it adapts. One can see clearly the second law of information, inspired by Newton in action at the most complex of levels. The second law of everything not forgetting that it should scientifically be called law of information, snobbery aside the two are identical, but we know what something is because it informs us what it is. An information package will remain in it’s present state unless a relationship is established is the second law of information. The bears would all have remained the same if it was not that they had a relationship to their new found environments, affecting their subconscious, having a relationship with the rest of the body the genes adapted to fulfill this relationship with the subconscious need for survival. Evolution and complexity in general will never defy the second law, it makes us understand.

Our relationship with the environment gave us a thumb and a larger brain, though the larger brain is far more important. The polar bear preferred more muscle to break the ice, and more blubber to survive the extreme cold. Some animals like the crocodile, the shark stopped evolving millions of years ago. Their subconscious did not see the need to change, no relationship established the shark and crocodile remained as are since the days of the crocodile. The sharks and crocodiles saw themselves as the best as they could be subconsciously hence the lack of evolvement, but humans continued to strive such that we are still evolving. Crocodiles and sharks not evolving for millions of years means there was no information in the mind desiring improvement, hence they remained as are thanks to the second law of information that an information package will remain in its present state unless a relationship is established.

That there are two laws of everything suggests that the theory of everything is a big concept, we can understand evolution from it, as well as why iron rusts, the laws of everything, the laws of information can be considered a discipline. But the laws must be consistent in every discipline, in every way, they must be unbreakable.

Bhekuzulu Khumalo


A Concern from Thermodynamics

As usual an after editorial is added if and only if there is a major concern, I mention names when it is to uplift, but will not mention a name because if the person is not mature enough to understand it is merely a discussion, there are problems, but obviously to make an edition ones opinion is respected. But this concern with thermodynamics is real.

Thermodynamics is an inspiration for this theory of everything, but it has many shortcomings, please note I already wrote an article information and the origins of entropy, yes entropy was an inspiration but not a complete theory. Let us look at entropy, not forgetting it was the initial inspiration for a theory of everything.

The first law of entropy is known as the law of conservation of energy. Really, what about anti matter. That is all to be said on the first law, does anti matter break it, if it does, it is not a law of everything, it is steam engine physics, an isolated system, not everything.

The second law of entropy says things cannot be reversed, but in smelters, ancient man 30 000 years ago had smelters, creating pure elements copper, iron, That is why it is important to read other works, the isolation of information is reversing the process, that is how we know things because information could be isolated, pure iron last existed after super novas, man has reversed the process, taking oxidized iron ore and purifying it in furnaces. Processes can be reversed, here is a good journal piece to read just to understand isolation of information, the piece is called why economics is a science, information the grand unifier. 

Think about it, when you switch of a television you can do the reverse, switch it on, thermodynamics is therefore not about information, but a segment of information, things are reversed everyday, information reverses everyday, thermodynamics has limited principles applicable to the theory of everything.You change your mind back after thinking a decision, thermodynamics is too limited.

The third and final law of thermodynamics suggests at absolute zero there is no activity, have these people tested dark matter, is there no activity at absolute zero?

Theory of everything is simple, and some straightforward scientists like Newton were close, thermodynamics is not close, but was first inspiration long before Newton and his inspiration for the second law of everything. Thanks, William Rice for the concerns you raised about Thermodynamics in LinkedIn, thanks, no show, this is just genuine response to concerns raised about merely generalization, that is true, but some things can not be sufficiently generalized.

Why a theory of everything, when we can get relationships that affect all things we are so much the better. If it seems so easy, it is because great thoughts have gone into it, subtracting this, adding that. A theory of everything is meant to be so easy that high school people can comprehend it, make it simple an we can see the entire picture.  As simple such that a high school art student understands everything is connected.

The two laws of information are complimentary, and simple, the first law information will remain in its present state unless a relationship is established, nothing changed, it was static. Then a relationship was established.

Once a relationship is established the second law comes into effect, there is a cost, matter annihilated and abolished anti matter, and we got our big bang, theoretically, but the laws remain true factually.

To get to the definition that information is everything costs billions, if not trillions of dollars, use it, it makes everything easier, even the existence of a God does not debunk the laws of everything, they are well vetted.You get pure iron from a smelter, process can be reversed, just taking more energy to reverse, a collider is just reversing the process, let knowledge flow forward, its information, forget that steam engine physics, Newton has been vetted correctly his inspiration can pass any test, step by step.